List of 19 common waterfowl diseases:
1. Waterfowl Avian Influenza Disease
2. Waterfowl paramyxovirus disease
3. Avian ankara disease
4. Waterfowl Tambusu virus
5. Duck tongue disease
6. Duck reovirus disease ("liver liver disease" and "spleen necrosis" disease)
7. Muscovy duck “white liver disease”
8. Duck viral hepatitis
9. Muscovy duck three-week disease
10. Duck plague
11. Waterfowl E. coli, serositis
12. Gout in gout
13. Gosling plague
14. Aflatoxinosis
15. Chronic respiratory disease in geese
16. Goose pox
17. Goose egg plague
18. Pasteurellosis of waterfowl
19. Goose hemorrhagic enteritis syndrome
1. Avian influenza disease in waterfowl
Pathogen: Orthomyxovirus
Popular features:
1. Viruses are prone to antigenic drift or genetic mutation, causing multiple serotypes (about 256).
2. The morbidity and mortality rates vary greatly; the mortality rate of goslings and ducks is high, and the breeding geese and ducks sometimes do not die, but only show a decrease in egg production rate.
3. Rapid spread, rapid epidemic onset, and wide spread range.
4. Highly contagious: A group of geese or ducks often behave normally in the morning and become ill in the afternoon. Some individuals die suddenly without warning symptoms, or most of them become ill overnight, especially cases with blue eyes or pulmonary hydrops, which spread faster.
5. High mortality rate in acute cases: If sick geese and ducks develop pulmonary hydrops, myocarditis and neurological symptoms, the mortality rate can reach 90%-100%.
6. In chronic cases and later stages of the disease, neurological symptoms such as blue eyes, shaking head, and spinning in circles appear.
7. Breeding geese and ducks are often complicated by egg distemper: If breeding geese and ducks are complicated by egg distemper (E. coli), the symptoms will be aggravated and the morbidity and mortality will be increased.
8. The immune effect of the vaccine is uncertain and slow to develop (resistance usually develops after 15 days after vaccination), and it is prone to recurring disease.
Clinical features:
1. Smooth green, yellow, or white creamy stools.
2. Sick ducks and geese show red eyes, blue eyes, or watery eyes, or even eye bleeding.
3. Sick ducks and geese show neurological symptoms such as elevated body temperature, soft feet, shaking their heads, turning in circles, and spinning in water.
4. Breeding geese and ducks show symptoms such as reduced food, decreased egg production and hatchability, and an increase in deformed eggs and soft-shelled eggs.
Necropsy features:
1. Congestion and hemorrhage of the dura mater and brain tissue.
2. Lung congestion, bleeding, and jelly-like exudate.
3. Pancreatic congestion, hemorrhage, glassy or translucent necrosis.
4. The heart appears cooked-like or striped necrosis (commonly known as "tiger-spotted heart").
5. In individual cases, swelling of the head appears and there is jelly-like exudation under the skin.
5. When breeding geese and ducks are complicated by egg blast, bleeding spots of mesenteric fat may be seen.
6. Congestion, bleeding, and ulcers in the intestine, glandular stomach, and gizzard.
7. Liver and spleen congestion and bleeding.
Prevention and treatment methods:
1. Vaccination.
Goose and duck breeding farms should implement an immune monitoring system and formulate reasonable immunization procedures based on immune antibody levels.
2. Improve immunity, enhance the body's resistance, and reduce heart damage caused by viruses.
3. Clear away heat and detoxification, clear away plague and poison.
4. In case of illness, emergency vaccination with bird flu vaccine can be used.
5. Strengthen feeding and management and pay attention to environmental hygiene.
6. Raise chickens, ducks and geese separately to prevent cross-infection.
2. Waterfowl paramyxovirus disease
Pathogen: Waterfowl paramyxovirus, also known as waterfowl Newcastle disease, is caused by type Ⅰ paramyxovirus.
Characteristics of the disease:
(1) The incubation period is 3-5 days, and people of all ages can be infected.
(2) The younger the age, the higher the morbidity and mortality. The mortality rate within 10 days of age reaches 100%, and the mortality rate between 10 and 15 days reaches more than 90%.
(3) Breeding geese and breeding ducks, the mortality rate is low, which is manifested by the decrease in egg production rate and hatchability rate.
(4) Chickens, geese and ducks can infect each other.
Clinical features:
(1) Increased body temperature, listlessness, decreased appetite, and increased drinking water.
(2) Most of them have white watery stools, and some have blue watery stools.
(3) Move slowly, unwilling to enter the water, and float in the water.
(4) Adult geese and ducks put their heads under their wings, and watery liquid flows out of their mouths.
(5) In the later stage, there are neurological symptoms such as shaking the head, turning in circles, and raising the head.
(6) The egg production rate of breeding geese and ducks decreases, and they produce deformed eggs or soft-shelled eggs.
Pathological features:
(1) Dry and dehydrated skin and sunken eyeballs.
(2) Hepatomegaly and congestion, with necrotic lesions as large as sesame seeds or mung beans.
(3) The pancreas is enlarged with gray-white translucent necrosis.
(4) Congestion and bleeding of glandular stomach and gizzard.
(5) Cecal tonsil enlargement and bleeding, cloacal bleeding.
Prevention and treatment:
Vaccination.
3. Avian Ankara Disease
Pathogen: avian adenovirus serotype 4; known avian adenovirus diseases (poultry Ankara, Muscovy duck white liver disease, chicken inclusion body hepatitis, chicken egg production decline syndrome, turkey hemorrhagic enteritis, etc.).
Incidence area: It was discovered in Ankara, Turkey in 1987. Now it is mostly found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Shandong, Jiangsu and other regions.
Morbidity: Morbidity and mortality rates range from 5% to 20%.
Susceptible animals: It mostly occurs in Zhongda broilers and Ma chickens. Since 2017, it has also occurred in ducks and geese in Guangdong.
Clinical features: Acute cases often have no warning symptoms and suddenly fall to the ground sideways, leading to acute death; chronic cases often include soft feet, drooping wings, and yellowish-white loose stools.
Characteristic lesions: (Hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome)
Heart: The myocardium is soft and the pericardium contains a large amount of light yellow and transparent exudate.
Liver: enlarged, rounded edges, congested, brittle texture
Lungs: congestion, hemorrhage, edema,
Kidneys: enlarged, pale and dark yellow
Prevention and treatment:
1. Protect liver and kidney, strengthen heart and diuresis.
2. Boost yang and solidify yang, improve the body's resistance, and reduce damage to the body caused by pericardial effusion.
3. Vaccination.
4. Waterfowl Tambusu virus
Pathogen: Flaviviridae—Tembusu virus
Epidemic characteristics: Since May 2010, it has occurred in all parts of the country. Ducks and geese of all ages can be infected, and egg-laying ducks are particularly sensitive.
Characteristics of the disease: acute onset, high morbidity, acute decrease in egg production rate, low mortality, and high defective rate.
Clinical features:
(1) Preliminary stage of onset: often without warning symptoms, sudden onset, increased body temperature, depression, reduced food intake, or even waste of food.
(2) In the middle stage of the disease: sick ducks and geese become emaciated, have loose feathers, are stained with water, have drooped wings, float in water, have difficulty breathing, have hoarse calls, and loose gray-white or greenish-green feces. The egg production rate and hatching rate have dropped rapidly
(3) Later stage of the disease: movement disorder, unsteady walking, lameness of legs, soft feet, paralysis, head thrown back, and neurological symptoms such as head tremor in some cases.
Necropsy features:
The fallopian tubes of egg-laying birds are congested, hemorrhaged, and the eggs are congested, hemorrhaged, atrophic, and necrotic.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Prevention: vaccination.
2. Improve immunity and reduce the occurrence of stress factors.
5. Duck "Big Tongue Disease"
Pathogen: Avian Parvovirus
Incidence areas: In 2000, it occurred sporadically in individual areas in southern and southeastern my country. Since 2014, the incidence rate has been higher in areas with intensive duck farming such as Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Beijing, Zhejiang, and Hunan.
Susceptible animals: Most commonly occur in Cherry Valley ducks, Peking ducks, young Muscovy ducks, semi-Muscovy ducks and shelducks aged 10-35 days.
Characteristics of the disease: varying incidence rates, low mortality, high disability rate, and significant differences in individual size after onset.
Clinical features: Sick ducks appear lame 2-3 days after onset; fall to the ground; prone to fractures; have short beaks, long tongues, and later growth become emaciated, stunted, and lose weight ("dwarfism").
Prevention and treatment:
1. Strengthen the body, detoxify, and enhance resistance.
2. Clear away heat and detoxify.
3. Egg yolk antibodies can be used in infected ducks.
4. The affected ducks cannot be cured due to beak deformation and stunting, so they should be isolated or eliminated in time.
6. Duck reovirus disease ("liver liver disease" and "spleen necrosis" disease)
Cause: Reovirus
Incidence areas: It is mostly found in Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui and other regions. Now it is also common in Vietnam and Cambodia.
Clinical symptoms: shrinkage of the head, loose hair, soft feet, bunching up, loss of feed, diarrhea, and yellowish-white loose stools.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Breeding ducks can be injected with inactivated vaccine more than 2 times before laying eggs.
2. Inject 1-2 doses of attenuated reovirus vaccine at 1 day of age.
3. Ducklings aged 7-10 days can be injected with 0.5-1 ml of refined antibodies for prevention.
4. Improve immunity.
5. Clear away the plague and poison.
6. Tonify the kidneys and diuresis.
7. “White liver disease” in Muscovy ducks
Pathogen: Avian adenovirus serotype 2.
Incidence areas: Since 2015, it has mostly occurred in Guangdong, Fujian and other regions; the mortality rate ranges from 10% to 50%.
Susceptible animals: It mostly occurs in young Muscovy ducks aged 10-30 days.
Clinical features: feed loss, head shrinkage, dehydration and dry feet, soft feet, and yellowish-white loose stools.
Characteristic lesions: The liver is enlarged and yellow-white, with mottled or scattered bleeding spots on the surface, and individual kidney enlargement and bleeding.
Prevention and treatment:
1. It can be prevented with inactivated adenovirus vaccine.
2. Improve immunity and reduce anti-stress factors.
3. Strengthen the body and detoxify.
4. Clear away heat and detoxify, protect liver and kidneys.
8. Duck viral hepatitis
Cause: picornavirus
Serotypes: DHVⅠ, DHVⅡ, and DHVⅢ. Each serotype has no cross-protection. DHV type I is mainly prevalent in my country, and type III has also occurred in recent years.
Susceptible animals: Mainly infected ducklings within 3 weeks of age
Clinical features: acute onset, short course of disease, high mortality rate; diseased ducks appear, spasmodic and repeated kicking of both feet, whole body twitching, head tilting back, shaking head and other neurological symptoms. Before death, he was in opisthotonus posture.
Necropsy features:
Liver: enlarged, brittle, khaki or yellow-red, with "brush-like" bleeding spots of varying sizes on the surface of the liver.
Gallbladder: swollen, light green, brown or brown.
Spleen: enlarged, degenerated, mottled.
Kidneys: enlargement and bleeding.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Using attenuated duck viral hepatitis vaccine and inoculating 15-20 doses of breeding ducks before giving birth can protect the newborn ducklings from virus infection.
2. During the period of high disease incidence, when ducklings are 1 day old, inoculate 1 to 2 doses of live duck viral hepatitis vaccine, or within 3 days of age, use refined duck viral hepatitis antibody for preventive injection.
3. For ducks that are sick or threatened, high-immune yolk antibodies or refined antibodies can be injected with interferon and antiviral drugs.
9. “Three Weeks Disease” in Muscovy Ducks
Cause: Parvovirus
Susceptible animals: Most common in Muscovy ducklings within 3 weeks of age
Clinical features: anorexia, loose hair, diarrhea (cellulose flakes are sometimes mixed in the feces), rapid dehydration, dry feet, weakness in walking, weight loss and death. The younger the age, the more acute the onset, the shorter the course of the disease, and the greater the mortality rate.
Pathological features:
1. Pancreas: Bleeding or gray-white necrotic spots.
2. Intestine: In acute cases, there is catarrhal inflammation or varying degrees of mucosal congestion and bleeding. In chronic cases, there are often "sausage-like" embolisms in the jejunum and ileum, also known as "sausage feces".
3. Gallbladder enlargement and bile filling.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Breeding ducks are injected with 2 doses of attenuated Muscovy duck parvovirus vaccine 1 month before birth, and 5-10 doses of booster vaccination are given 14 days later.
2. The ducklings should be vaccinated with 1-2 doses of attenuated Muscovy duck parvovirus vaccine within 2 days after birth.
3. For ducks that are sick or threatened, high-immune yolk antibodies or refined antibodies can be used.
10. Duck Plague
Cause: Herpes virus
Pandemic characteristics: It mainly occurs in adult geese and ducks, and can occur all year round, especially in winter and spring. From 2015 to now, it is more popular in Jiangmen, Qingyuan, Zhaoqing and other areas of Guangdong.
Clinical features:
1. Four characteristics: swollen head; tearful eyes; weak feet; drooping wings.
2. The body temperature rises and yellowish-green watery and loose stools are produced.
Necropsy features:
1. Necrosis and ulceration of mucous membranes in the oral cavity, esophagus, and cloaca, and yellow bran-like pseudomembranes are formed on the mucous membranes.
2. There are necrotic lesions or bleeding spots on the surface of the liver, and there are bleeding spots in the middle of the necrotic lesions or white necrotic spots in the middle of the bleeding lesions.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Prevention: vaccination.
2. When onset:
Breeding geese: emergency injection with attenuated duck plague vaccine.
Duck: Emergency injection with attenuated duck plague vaccine.
3. Hyperimmune serum or refined antibodies can be used together with interferon.
11. Waterfowl E. coli and serositis
Pathogen: Escherichia coli, Riemerella anatipestiferAge of onset: Most common in waterfowl between 2 and 8 weeks old. They are susceptible at 2 to 3 weeks of age. Colibacillosis in breeding ducks and geese is also known as "egg plague" disease.
Clinical features: elevated body temperature, reduced food intake, soft feet, neck shrinkage, white loose stools, and some individuals have neurological symptoms such as head and neck tremors, leaning forward and backward.
Necropsy features:
1. Three inflammations: pericarditis, perihepatitis, and airsacculitis (yellow-white fibrinous exudation in the heart, liver, and air sacs)
2. Spleen enlargement, bleeding, necrosis, and mottled appearance
Why are waterfowl susceptible to E. coli and serositis?
(1) Multiple serotypes: The antigen structure and serotypes of E. coli are extremely complex. The main antigens include 171 bacterial (O) antigens, 103 surface (k) antigens, and 60 flagellar (H) antigens. In addition, there are pili (F) Antigen, O1, O2, O78, and O35 are mainly prevalent in poultry in my country; 25 serotypes of Riemerella anatipestifer have been discovered so far.
(2) The site environment and water sources are highly polluted, and the interval between breeding batches is short.
(3) Sudden changes in weather, high temperature and high humidity.
(4) The stocking density is too high and the ventilation is poor.
(5) The pathogen has particularly strong drug resistance, multiple drugs have unsatisfactory effects, and it is easy to relapse.
(6) Secondary infections in the later stages of certain diseases (such as liver disease, chronic respiratory disease, paramycosis, influenza, etc.)
Prevention and treatment:
1. Strengthen feeding and management, keep the site and water sources clean and sanitary, and the environment is ventilated and dry.
2. Implement an all-in, all-out system to facilitate the cleaning, disinfection and purification of the site environment.
2. E. coli-serositis inactivated vaccine can be used for immunization at 5-7 days of age.
3. Conduct drug susceptibility tests on the site regularly and use sensitive antibiotics.
4. Sensitive antibiotics can be used when the disease occurs.
12. Gout in goose
Cause factors:
1. Viral infection: Astrovirus infection (isolated in the laboratory of Shandong Agricultural University in 2017)
2. Feed factors: eating less protein feed and green feed containing higher purines.
3. Metabolic factors: Purine metabolism disorder causes an increase in the amount of uric acid produced by the liver and a decrease in the amount of uric acid excreted by the kidneys.
4. Drug factors: such as improper use of sulfa drugs, gentamicin, tylosin, etc.
5. Feeding and management factors: excessive breeding density, high humidity and low temperature in the brooding house, causing the goslings to be afraid of the cold and pile up, reduce exercise, drink less water, reduce renal excretion, and increase renal urate deposition.
Epidemic situation: Incidence areas: Since 2016, Guangdong, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Henan and other regions have successively occurred. From 2017 to now, Guangdong is particularly popular.
Age of onset: mainly 5-20 days old.
Incidence: The incidence rate and mortality rate range from 5-30%.
Prevention and treatment:
1. It can be treated with drugs.
2. Strengthen feeding and management, increase the temperature of the brooding house, and drive the brooders to drink water 2-3 times at night.
3. Use as little feed as possible with high purine content to ensure the supply of green feed.
4. Avoid excessive use of drugs that affect kidney function.
Thirteen. Gosling plague
Cause: Gosling plague virus.
Epidemic characteristics: Gosling plague mainly occurs in goslings and Muscovy ducks within 3 weeks of age. The mortality rate can reach about 90%, and the younger the age of onset, the higher the mortality rate. Since this year, meat geese aged 30-50 days have also frequently occurred in Guangdong.
Clinical features: depression, anorexia, weakness in walking, diarrhea (cellulose flakes are sometimes mixed in feces), rapid dehydration, weight loss, emaciation and death.
Necropsy features:
1. Acute cases, small intestinal mucosal congestion and bleeding
2. In subacute cases, the middle and lower sections of the small intestine, especially the ileocecal part, are extremely enlarged, and sausage-like emboli (sausage feces) can be seen after incision.
Prevention and treatment:
15-20 days before the geese lay eggs, use the duck embryonated attenuated vaccine of gosling plague to immunize 10-20 times. Goslings 1-3 days old can be prevented with refined antibodies or hyperimmune serum against gosling plague.
14. Aflatoxinosis
Pathogen: Aspergillus
Clinical symptoms: panting (often abdominal breathing), coughing, tearing, runny nose, and acute death. In Guangdong, high temperature and humidity are more likely to occur.
Necropsy features:
The lungs and air sacs are covered with gray-white “pearl-like” nodules.
The liver is enlarged and congested, brittle, and yellowish-white in color.
Effects of fungal infection on hatching:
1. Conditions of occurrence: Under high temperature and high humidity conditions, goose houses and hatcheries are prone to mold growth.
2. The effects of mycotoxins include:
Respiratory disease, decreased feed intake, slow growth, decreased immune function,
Reproductive disorders, decreased egg production rate,
Decreased hatchability: Mycotoxins are particularly sensitive to eggs during the incubation period, causing eggs to become moldy, embryonic edema, difficulty pecking the shell, and even death after about 25 days of incubation.
For example: from January to March 2011, Zhang and Li from a certain city; from March 2018 to Lu Sheng and a certain city, from April 2019 to the present, individual goose farms in a certain area were infected due to the growth of mold in the hatching rooms. Goose eggs are difficult to hatch, causing huge economic losses.
Key points for diagnosis of fungal infection during incubation period:
1. The color of the eggshell becomes darker, even black or brown.
2. The hatching eggs smell bad.
3. There is a layer of gray or black mold moss attached to the air chamber shell membrane (when the air chamber is opened, black smoke is seen dissipating).
4. The embryo is unable to peck the shell, the embryo is edematous, and may even die.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Daily prevention: During high temperature and high humidity seasons and during egg laying by breeding geese, antibiotics are often added to the feed to enhance resistance.
2. Antibiotics are available for treatment.
3. Keep the goose house and hatching room dry, ventilated and ventilated.
4. Clean and disinfect the eggs with disinfectant before hatching.
5. Incubation rooms, incubators, hatching beds and related equipment can be fumigated and disinfected.
6. When the fungal infection in the goose farm is serious, the incubation room, incubator and related equipment must be replaced to control the disease.Pathogen: Mycoplasma septicarum
Popular features:
1. Sudden changes in weather, low temperature and high humidity, harsh environment, and excessive stocking density can easily cause the disease.
2. The disease is easily caused in winter and spring.
3. The disease can occur in geese of all ages and breeds. In 2012, the disease occurred in 5-6 day-old goslings in Guangdong. The disease has been particularly prevalent since 2011 (especially in Gaoyao and Qingyuan areas).
4. Gout is easy to develop in the later stages.
5. The disease is prone to occur when breeding geese are shaded during the laying period.
6. The pathogen is extremely resistant to drug resistance and is difficult to eradicate completely. It is easy to relapse due to sudden changes in weather conditions.
Clinical features:
1. The body temperature of the sick goose increases, the body loses weight, the food intake decreases, and the spirit becomes depressed.
2. Mouth breathing, difficulty breathing, and wet rales
3. In the early stage of the disease, the infraorbital sinuses on one or both sides of the diseased goose can be swollen, forming a raised "bulge" with a fluctuating feeling when touched. Serous or mucus secretions flow from the nostrils, which are later filled with tofu-like exudate.
4. The egg production rate and fertilization rate decrease.
Necropsy features:
1. The suborbital sinus of diseased geese is filled with serous or mucinous secretions, and the mucosa in the sinus is congested and thickened, and sometimes a large amount of necrotic tofu-like exudate accumulates.
2. The air sac membrane is turbid and thickened, and cheese-like exudates appear on the air sac membrane, such as beads, dishes or piles.
3. A large amount of thick yellow secretion accumulates in the trachea and bronchi, and even blocks the bronchi.
Prevention and treatment methods:
1. When the disease occurs, the sick geese can be treated with antibiotics.
2. Inactivated vaccine injection can be used for prevention.
3. Geese and chickens cannot be raised together to prevent mutual infection.
4. Strengthen feeding management, control stocking density, and reduce stress factors.
5. Strengthen environmental disinfection of the site. Improve quality water and air quality. Reduce stocking density.
6. Pay attention to ventilation when shading the geese.
16. Goose pox
Cause: Fowlpox virus
Popular features:
1. It can occur in all seasons of the year, but is more common in summer and autumn.
2. Mosquitoes and surface parasites can transmit this disease.
3. Contact with shed acne scabs is the main form of virus transmission.
Clinical features: Dot-like or tumor-like acne spots on the beak, skin, mouth, and tongue, depression, decreased appetite or inability to eat, and drooping wings.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Strengthen the body, detoxify, and improve the body's resistance.
2. Clear away heat and detoxify.
3. Drugs can be used to treat the disease.
4. Prevent secondary infection.
5. Some large acne scabs can be peeled off surgically and violet can be applied on them.
6. Strengthen management:
(1) The poultry house should be ventilated, clean and fresh (the incidence rate is significantly increased in humid poultry houses), and the poultry house should be kept clean (the dander, feathers, feces, etc. shed by affected geese all contain viruses and can spread the disease).
(2) Isolate sick geese as soon as possible (goose pox is mostly transmitted through contact).
(3) Disinfection measures should be taken at the disease site (general disinfectants can quickly inactivate the virus at commonly used concentrations, and disinfectants with low irritation should be used during the laying period).
(4) Pay attention to mosquito control during the mosquito breeding season (mosquitoes can spread viruses).
Seventeen, goose egg plague
Cause: Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Popular features:
1. This disease only occurs in egg-laying geese, especially obese breeding geese and primiparous breeding geese.
2. Poor environment and poor sanitary conditions can easily cause the disease
3. It is prone to recurring attacks. About 5% of breeding geese are eliminated every year due to this disease.
4. This disease is prone to occur from April to October every year.
Clinical features:
1. It is easy to produce soft-shelled eggs, sandy eggs, and deformed eggs, and the egg production rate and hatchability rate are reduced.
2. Milky white and loose stools, egg white or egg yolk-like matter sticking around the anus, and individual anal prolapse.
3. The sick geese show reluctance to move around, with soft feet or feet stretched backwards.
4. The body temperature of the sick goose increases, the spirit becomes depressed, and the food intake decreases.
Necropsy features:
1. The main characteristics are egg congestion, hemorrhage, necrosis, corruption and odor.
2. Follicle rupture, causing yolk peritonitis, liver cirrhosis, and hydroperitoneum.
3. Congestion and bleeding in the intestines and fallopian tubes.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Traditional Chinese medicine combined with sensitive antibiotics can be used when the disease occurs.
2. When using drugs for prevention and treatment, attention should be paid to the effects of drugs on egg production rate and hatchability rate. Such as sulfa drugs, florfenicol, etc.
3. Vaccination with inactivated vaccine 20 days before delivery.
4. Keep the site clean and hygienic to reduce the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
5. Drugs can be used for prevention.
6. Appropriately reduce the nutritional level of the feed or appropriately control the concentrate and increase the green feed to prevent the breeding geese from being too fat or the follicles developing too quickly, which may easily cause the disease.
7. Increase exercise, get more sun exposure, and enhance your physical fitness
18. Pasteurellosis of waterfowl
Pathogen: Pasteurella multocida, also known as “poultry blight”
Popular features:
1. Weather sudden changes, environmental stress, immunization, long-distance transportation, etc. are prone to occur.
2. Adult waterfowl or breeding waterfowl are prone to acute death.
3. This disease is a conditional disease and is easy to reoccur.
4. There are many serotypes (5:A; 6:A; 9:A; 2:D), and the immune effect of the vaccine is uncertain.
Clinical features: Acute cases, sudden death without warning symptoms; chronic cases, depression, inability to move, reduced food, egg production rate and hatching rate.
Necropsy features:
1. Endocardial, coronary fat, and epicardial hemorrhage.
2. The liver has gray-white, needle-like necrotic spots with neat edges.
3. Congestion and bleeding in the duodenum and rectum, and mesenteric fat bleeding.
Prevention and treatment:
1. When the environment changes suddenly, drugs need to be used to prevent it.
2. Inoculate with attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine before laying eggs.
3. In goose farms where poultry failure is frequent, the effect is better if the inactivated vaccine isolated by oneself and the attenuated vaccine are used in combination.
19. Goose hemorrhagic enteritis syndrome
Pathogen: Pathogenic Escherichia coli or Clostridium welchenii.
Popular features:
1. It is a conditional disease, environmental mutations, immune stress, etc. can easily cause the disease.
2. The disease usually occurs 3-5 days after vaccination with a highly stressful vaccine.
Clinical features:
1. The sick goose is depressed, has wrinkled buns, loose feathers, loss of luster, dry feet and water loss, sunken eyes, and weight loss.
2. Yellow, red or brown loose feces.
3. The sick goose has weak feet and is unwilling to move.
Necropsy features:
1. Intestinal feces looks like brown or red bran and emits a special fishy odor.
2. Intestinal mucosa congestion, bleeding, ulceration, necrosis, and formation of necrotic pseudomembrane.
3. Liver enlargement, bleeding, and congestion caused by toxins.
Prevention and treatment:
1. Strengthen feeding and management, and try to avoid environmental, immunization and other stress factors.
2. During immunization, Pulsatilla powder, amoxicillin and other drugs can be used for prevention, and should be used continuously for 3-5 days.
3. When the disease occurs, medication can be used for treatment.
4. Daily health care: weather changes, use of heat-reducing medicines in high temperature and high humidity conditions, etc.
5. Strengthen the disinfection of the site environment to eliminate stagnant water and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
